What is a Holding Pattern? A Pilot’s Guide to Entry & Procedures
The term “holding pattern” has made its way into everyday language, often used to describe a state of waiting. But for pilots, holding patterns are a fundamental part of instrument flight and a required skill for obtaining an instrument rating. Mastering them is essential for any pilot planning to fly in controlled airspace.
What is a Holding Pattern?
A holding pattern is a maneuver used by Air Traffic Control (ATC) to delay an aircraft from continuing on its route. This can happen for several reasons, including:
- Traffic congestion at busy airports
- Weather conditions requiring aircraft to wait before landing
- Emergencies involving an aircraft or airfield
Pilots training for an instrument rating practice holding patterns regularly, as outlined in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) and the Instrument Procedures Handbook.
Common Holding Scenarios
Holding patterns are encountered in several situations, including:
Holding in Lieu of a Procedure Turn
When an aircraft needs to reverse course to establish itself on an approach and radar vectors aren’t available, a holding pattern may be used instead of a standard procedure turn. If this is required, it will be depicted on the approach chart.
Arrival Holding Patterns
Some Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STARs) include holding patterns as part of the procedure. These are shown as thin lines on the chart, meaning they are not mandatory unless ATC instructs a pilot to use them. A good example is the WESAT arrival into Fort Worth, TX, which includes multiple arrival holds.
Missed Approach Holding Patterns
Many instrument approach charts feature a designated holding pattern for missed approaches. Unless ATC provides alternate instructions, pilots must follow the published missed approach procedure, which usually includes:
- A specific heading or course
- A designated altitude
- Holding instructions at a fix
However, not all missed approaches require a hold, such as the ILS, RNP, and GPS approaches to Runway 20R at John Wayne/Santa Ana (SNA).
Copying Holding Instructions
ATC is responsible for issuing holding instructions, which typically include:
- The holding fix
- Holding direction
- Inbound or outbound course
- Turn direction (standard or non-standard)
- Time or distance for the inbound leg
- Expected further clearance (EFC) time
If the hold is published, ATC may only provide the direction, but pilots can request full instructions if needed. According to AIM 5-3-3, pilots must report their entry time and altitude, as well as notify ATC when leaving the hold.
Holding Pattern Entry Methods
Instrument students often worry about determining the correct holding pattern entry. While tools like apps, calculators, and the “thumb method” exist, pilots must be able to assess their entry type quickly and confidently without distractions.
There are three standard entry types:
- Direct Entry: The simplest method, fly directly to the fix and begin holding.
- Teardrop Entry: After crossing the fix, offset about 30 degrees for a short distance before turning back to join the holding pattern.
- Parallel Entry: Fly parallel to the holding course for one minute before making a turn to rejoin the hold.
These entry methods are standard but not mandatory in the U.S. However, the protected airspace around a holding fix is designed based on these entries and their associated airspeeds.
Holding at Non-Published Fixes
Holds can be performed at various fixes beyond published charts, providing valuable training opportunities. Common examples include:
- Holding at a DME fix along a radial
- Holding at an intersection of two radials
- Holding along a localizer using a compass locator
Practicing multiple holds over a single fix is an excellent way to refine entry techniques and wind corrections.
Using an HSI for Holding Patterns
A Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) often simplifies situational awareness compared to a traditional CDI. If an aircraft has both types, training on both will help pilots build a stronger understanding of holding patterns and instrument procedures.
Holding Speeds
Pilots must adhere to maximum holding speeds set by the FAA and ICAO:
FAA Holding Speeds
- Up to 6,000 feet MSL: 200 KIAS
- 6,001–14,000 feet MSL: 230 KIAS
- Above 14,000 feet MSL: 265 KIAS
ICAO Holding Speeds
- Up to 14,000 feet MSL: 230 KIAS
- 15,000–20,000 feet MSL: 240 KIAS
- 21,000–34,000 feet MSL: 265 KIAS
These limits may be adjusted for specific procedures and are noted on charts. Pilots must begin reducing speed at least three minutes before reaching the holding fix.
Holding Pattern Timing
The standard hold is based on a one-minute inbound leg (90 seconds above 14,000 feet MSL). Wind corrections should be applied to maintain proper timing. In real-world operations, distance-based holds—such as five- or ten-nautical-mile inbound legs—are more common, reducing the number of turns and pilot workload.
Advanced Avionics and Holding Patterns
Modern avionics have automated much of the manual work involved in holding. However, pilots must ensure their systems are correctly programmed and remain aware of any limitations. Some avionics systems do not allow modifications to preprogrammed holds, which can be problematic if ATC requests a change.
Staying Current and Proficient
To maintain instrument currency under Part 61.57(c), pilots must complete holding procedures at least every six months. While a single hold can satisfy this requirement, infrequent real-world holding can lead to challenges when encountering one unexpectedly.
A pilot who remains familiar with holding procedures, entry methods, and the specific avionics in their aircraft will be well-prepared when ATC issues a holding instruction.
Final Thoughts
Holding patterns are an essential skill for instrument-rated pilots. Whether used for arrivals, missed approaches, or traffic management, understanding how to enter and fly a hold correctly is crucial for safe and efficient flight operations.
What are your best tips for learning and perfecting holding patterns? Share your insights below!
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